A climate-change vulnerability and adaptation assessment for Brazil's protected areas

Brazil hosts the largest expanse of tropical ecosystems within protected areas (PAs), which shelter biodiversity and support traditional human populations. We assessed the vulnerability to climate change of 993 terrestrial and coastal-marine Brazilian PAs by combining indicators of climatic-change hazard with indicators of PA resilience (size, native vegetation cover, and probability of climate-driven vegetation transition). This combination of indicators allows the identification of broad climate-change adaptation pathways. Seventeen PAs (20,611 km²) were highly vulnerable and located mainly in the Atlantic Forest (7 PAs), Cerrado (6), and the Amazon (4). Two hundred fifty-eight PAs (756,569 km²), located primarily in Amazonia, had a medium vulnerability. In the Amazon and western Cerrado, the projected severe climatic change and probability of climate-driven vegetation transition drove vulnerability up, despite the generally good conservation status of PAs. Over 80% of PAs of high or moderate vulnerability are managed by indigenous populations. Hence, besides the potential risks to biodiversity, the traditional knowledge and livelihoods of the people inhabiting these PAs may be threatened. In at least 870 PAs, primarily in the Atlantic Forest and Amazon, adaptation could happen with little or no intervention due to low climate-change hazard, high resilience status, or both. At least 20 PAs in the Atlantic Forest, Cerrado, and Amazonia should be targeted for stronger interventions (e.g., improvement of ecological connectivity), given their low resilience status. Despite being a first attempt to link vulnerability and adaptation in Brazilian PAs, we suggest that some of the PAs identified as highly or moderately vulnerable should be prioritized for testing potential adaptation strategies in the near future.     

土地整治对工业区周边土壤微生物多样性和群落结构影响分析

为探究土地整治对重金属污染环境下土壤理化性质及其中微生物的影响,本文基于Illumina高通量测序技术,对比分析了工业区周边土地整治区内外的土壤微生物群落结构和多样性.结果表明:①从土壤性质来看,土地整治区重金属污染状况和土壤质量均优于非整治区.②从土壤微生物群落结构来看,水田土壤微生物群落主要的菌门为变形菌门、绿弯菌门、酸杆菌门,而土地整治可能降低了变形菌门相对丰度,提高了绿弯菌门和酸杆菌门的相对丰度,同时在属水平上也提高了鞘脂单胞菌属、地杆菌属的相对丰度.③从土壤微生物多样性来看,土地整治区中土壤微生物多样性和功能性明显得到改善,但随着重金属污染程度的升高,改善效果逐渐减弱.④Spearman相关性分析表明,Cd、Hg、Pb、pH、AP是影响微生物群落的主要环境因子,而硫杆菌属、芽孢杆菌属、鞘脂单胞菌属与多种重金属元素表现出显著的正相关关系.本研究证实了土地整治有助于改善土壤微生物多样性和功能性,并提升土壤质量.     

Land User Participation in Developing a Computerised Decision Support System for Combating Desertification

Combating desertification in natural rangelands has recently become a priority in large parts of southern Africa. Rangeland managers, farmers, scientists, conservationists and land users have been applying a variety of restoration technologies to address this problem. Bush encroachment, as part of the desertification process, involves the natural replacement of the herbaceous plant cover by undesirable problem woody species. The active and passive restoration technologies that are applied, are mainly based on indigenous knowledge and include the chemical, mechanical or manual reclamation of unproductive rangelands, as well as the combating of woody and alien species encroachment. Indigenous practices and knowledge play a major role in the effectiveness and success rate of these technologies. This project faces the challenge of bringing together both local and scientific knowledge in a single user-friendly, computerised Decision Support System (DSS) which is directly accessible by land users to support them in the process of decision making, concerning the combating of desertification. Case studies from central and northern Namibia were used to combine qualitative and quantitative data to develop this Decision Support System. The DSS currently consists of two databases and an expert system, which evaluates the results of land users’ management practices, and provides easily accessible information and advice for participants in the system, based on the incorporated data. The DSS is also linked to national and international web sites and databases to offer a wider range of information on technologies concerning agricultural and conservation practices.     

大气微生物与气象条件及大气污染物的灰色关联分析

根据大气微生物浓度、气象因子和大气污染理化因子的监测结果，应用灰色关联分析原理，分析研究大气微生物浓度与气象条件和大气污染物的关联程度，说明气象因子对各类微生物浓度的影响大于大气污染因子，特别是对耐高渗透压霉菌。     

BOD微生物膜的再利用研究初探

对失去大部分活性的微生物膜进行再培养,以研究膜再利用的可能性。试验结果初部表明:在1/2MS培养基中加入一定量的植物激素,不仅可以使膜的电位值(I0)显著升高,且活性强,稳定性好,可使膜重复利用。     

农村井水受病原微生物污染的可能性及对策

井水是我国农村地区主要的饮用水源。由于农村地区缺乏生活污水集中处理设施，大量的病原微生物进入环境中。并可能通过各种途径污染井水。世界卫生组织和国外的一些数据显示，饮水中的病原微生物严重地影响了人的健康。本文讨论了我国南方农村水井受病原微生物污染的可能性，井提出了相应的对策。     

土壤微生物降解石油污染物

调查分析了石油污染程度不同的土壤的嗜油微生物分布状况，通过梯度浓度驯化、半连续紫外诱变、梯度浓度再驯化，建立了一套可操作的嗜油细菌筛选办法，对6株优势菌及其混合菌进行了石油降解率及脱氢酶活性分析测试，得到了3株高效石油降解菌，经初步鉴定分别为假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas)、微球菌属（Micrococcus)、黄单胞Xanthomonas)。     

接种菌根对根际微生物群落和磷营养的影响

以白三叶草和紫花苜蓿为供试植物,采用三室装置对不同接种处理的根际土壤微生物数量以及磷营养状况进行了研究.研究结果表明,接种混合茵根真菌的侵染率显著高于其他两种接种单一菌根真菌的处理.接种菌根对植物生长以及根际土壤微生物群落数量的促进作用均较为明显,三种接种处理植物之间的生物量差异不大,接种AM菌根促进了细茵和放线茵数量的增加,对真菌数量略有促进.接种菌根对根际土壤磷吸收有显著的促进作用,有利于植被的生长,为进一步的生态恢复与生物多样性研究奠定理论基础.     

Microbial flocculant and its application in environmental protection

１ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＡｌｏｔｏｆｖａｒｉｅｄｆｌｏｃｃｕｌａｎｔｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｕｓｅｄｉｎｗａｓｔｅｗａｔｅｒｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔ，ｄｒｅｄｇｉｎｇｄｏｗｎｓｔｒｅａｍｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｇａｎｄｓｏｍｅｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌｆｉｅｌｄｉｎｃｌ...     

人工湿地植物在污水处理系统中的作用探讨

人工湿地污水系统由于具有独特的净化机理和功能而越来越多地被用于处理生活污水和工业废水.湿地植物在人工湿地中起着非常重要的作用,不但可以直接摄取和利用污水中的营养物质、吸收富集污水中的重金属等有毒有害物质;而且还能输送氧气到根区,提供根区微生物生长、繁殖和降解过程中对氧的需求.文章通过详细阐述植物对水中营养元素的吸收作用,说明了植物在人工湿地处理污水中的重要性.